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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">INFEDU</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Informatics in Education</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1648-5831</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1648-5831</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>VU</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">INFEDU2021_4_25</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15388/infedu.2021.25</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abstraction, Declarative Observations and Algorithmic Problem Solving</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>GINAT</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:ginat@post.tau.ac.il">ginat@post.tau.ac.il</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_000"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_000">Tel-Aviv University, Science Education Department, Ramat Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel 69978</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>20</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>567</fpage>
      <lpage>582</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>Vilnius University, ETH Zürich</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Open access article under the CC BY license.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>The notion of algorithm may be perceived in different levels of abstraction. In the lower levels it is an operational set of instructions. In higher levels it may be viewed as an object with properties, solving a problem with characteristics. Novices mostly relate to the lower levels. Yet, higher levels are very relevant for them as well. We unfold the importance of higher level abstractions for novices, by demonstrating the role of declarative observations of algorithmic problems, and the benefit of developing awareness of such observations in algorithmic problem solving. This is shown in a two-stage study, which first reveals the unfortunate lack of declarative observations, and then displays comparative results of experimental and control groups, which stems from different awareness and competence with declarative observations.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>abstraction</kwd>
        <kwd>algorithmic problem solving</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
