<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">INFEDU</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Informatics in Education</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2335-8971</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1648-5831</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>VU</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">INFEDU_2023_1_28</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15388/infedu.2023.28</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Data Science and Machine Learning Teaching Practices with Focus on Vocational Education and Training</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nadzinski</surname>
            <given-names>Gorjan</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:gorjan@feit.ukim.edu.mk">gorjan@feit.ukim.edu.mk</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_000"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_000">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies in Skopje, North Macedonia.</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gerazov</surname>
            <given-names>Branislav</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:gerazov@feit.ukim.edu.mk">gerazov@feit.ukim.edu.mk</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_001"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_001">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies in Skopje, North Macedonia.</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zlatinov</surname>
            <given-names>Stefan</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:zlatinov@feit.ukim.edu.mk">zlatinov@feit.ukim.edu.mk</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_002"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_002">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies in Skopje, North Macedonia.</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kartalov</surname>
            <given-names>Tomislav</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:kartalov@feit.ukim.edu.mk">kartalov@feit.ukim.edu.mk</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_003"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_003">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies in Skopje, North Macedonia.</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dimitrovska</surname>
            <given-names>Marija Markovska</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:marijam@feit.ukim.edu.mk">marijam@feit.ukim.edu.mk</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_004"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_004">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies in Skopje, North Macedonia.</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gjoreski</surname>
            <given-names>Hristijan</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:hristijang@feit.ukim.edu.mk">hristijang@feit.ukim.edu.mk</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_005"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_005">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies in Skopje, North Macedonia.</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chavdarov</surname>
            <given-names>Risto</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:christo@feit.ukim.edu.mk">christo@feit.ukim.edu.mk</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_006"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_006">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies in Skopje, North Macedonia.</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kokolanski</surname>
            <given-names>Zivko</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:kokolanski@feit.ukim.edu.mk">kokolanski@feit.ukim.edu.mk</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_007"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_007">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies in Skopje, North Macedonia.</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atanasov</surname>
            <given-names>Igor</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:atanasov.igor@gmail.com">atanasov.igor@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_008"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_008">Secondary Municipal Vocational School "Ilinden", North Macedonia.</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Horstmann</surname>
            <given-names>Jelena</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:jelena.horstmann@gmail.com">jelena.horstmann@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_009"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_009">School of Electrical Engineering "Mihajlo Pupin", Novi Sad, Serbia.</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sterle</surname>
            <given-names>Uros</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:uros.sterle@sckr.si">uros.sterle@sckr.si</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_0010"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_0010">School Center Kranj, Slovenia.</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gams</surname>
            <given-names>Matjaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:matjaz.gams@ijs.si">matjaz.gams@ijs.si</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_INFEDU_aff_0011"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_INFEDU_aff_0011">Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljublana, Slovenia.</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>22</volume>
            <issue>4</issue>
            <fpage>671</fpage>
            <lpage>690</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>Vilnius University, ETH Zürich</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Open access article under the CC BY license.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>With the development of technology allowing for a rapid expansion of data science and machine learning in our everyday lives, a significant gap is forming in the global job market where the demand for qualified workers in these fields cannot be properly satisfied. This worrying trend calls for an immediate action in education, where these skills must be taught to students at all levels in an efficient and up-to-date manner. This paper gives an overview of the current state of data science and machine learning education globally and both at the high school and university levels, while outlining some illustrative and positive examples. Special focus is given to vocational education and training (VET), where the teaching of these skills is at its very beginning. Also presented and analysed are survey results concerning VET students in Slovenia, Serbia, and North Macedonia, and their knowledge, interests, and prerequisites regarding data science and machine learning. These results confirm the need for development of efficient and accessible curricula and courses on these subjects in vocational schools.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>education</kwd>
        <kwd>machine learning</kwd>
        <kwd>data science</kwd>
        <kwd>vocational education and training</kwd>
        <kwd>survey</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
